🌍 9th Grade English – Studying Abroad
Countries, nationalities, languages, jobs, family, possessions and daily routines. Bu ünitede ülke ve milliyet isimlerini, aile üyelerini, sahiplik bildirmeyi, meslek adlarını, kısaltılmış biçimleri, kartpostal/e-posta yazımını ve diyalog kalıplarını öğreneceksin.
🗺️ Countries and Nationalities (Ülkeler ve Milliyetler)
İngilizce’de ülke isimleri (countries) ve milliyet sıfatları (nationalities) genellikle farklı ekler alır. En yaygın ek kalıpları şunlardır:
| Country (Ülke) | Nationality (Milliyet) | Language (Dil) |
|---|---|---|
| Turkey (Türkiye) | Turkish | Turkish |
| The United Kingdom (Birleşik Krallık) | British | English |
| The United States (ABD) | American | English |
| Germany (Almanya) | German | German |
| France (Fransa) | French | French |
| Spain (İspanya) | Spanish | Spanish |
| Italy (İtalya) | Italian | Italian |
| Japan (Japonya) | Japanese | Japanese |
| China (Çin) | Chinese | Chinese |
| Greece (Yunanistan) | Greek | Greek |
| Russia (Rusya) | Russian | Russian |
| Brazil (Brezilya) | Brazilian | Portuguese |
Milliyet Eki Kalıpları
| Ek (Suffix) | Örnekler |
|---|---|
| -ish | Turkish, British, Spanish, Polish, Swedish, Finnish, Danish |
| -an / -ian | American, Italian, Brazilian, Canadian, Australian, Russian, German |
| -ese | Japanese, Chinese, Portuguese, Vietnamese |
| -ch / -tch | French, Dutch |
Örnek Cümleler
- I am from Turkey. I am Turkish. I speak Turkish.
- She is from Spain. She is Spanish. She speaks Spanish.
- They are from Japan. They are Japanese. They speak Japanese.
⚠️ Dikkat: Milliyet sıfatları ve dil isimleri İngilizce’de her zaman büyük harfle başlar: Turkish, English, French… (Türkçe’den farklı olarak)
👋 Introducing Yourself (Kendini Tanıtma)
Kendinizi tanıtırken kullanabileceğiniz temel kalıplar:
| English | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| What is your name? | Adın ne? |
| My name is … / I am … | Adım … / Ben … |
| Where are you from? | Nerelisin? |
| I am from Turkey. | Türkiye’denim. |
| What is your nationality? | Milliyetin ne? |
| I am Turkish. | Ben Türk’üm. |
| What languages do you speak? | Hangi dilleri konuşuyorsun? |
| I speak Turkish and English. | Türkçe ve İngilizce konuşuyorum. |
| What is your job? / What do you do? | Mesleğin ne? / Ne iş yapıyorsun? |
| I am a student. | Ben öğrenciyim. |
Örnek Diyalog
Ayşe: Hi! My name is Ayşe. Nice to meet you!
Tom: Nice to meet you too. Where are you from?
Ayşe: I am from Turkey. I am Turkish. What about you?
Tom: I am from the UK. I am British.
Ayşe: What languages do you speak?
Tom: I speak English and a little French. And you?
Ayşe: I speak Turkish and English.
💼 Jobs and Occupations (Meslekler)
Bu ünitede sıkça karşılaşılan meslek isimleri ve tanımları:
| Job (Meslek) | Türkçesi | Definition (Tanım) |
|---|---|---|
| teacher | öğretmen | A person who teaches students at school |
| doctor | doktor | A person who treats sick people |
| nurse | hemşire | A person who takes care of patients |
| engineer | mühendis | A person who designs and builds things |
| lawyer | avukat | A person who gives legal advice |
| firefighter | itfaiyeci | A person who puts out fires |
| police officer | polis memuru | A person who protects people and enforces laws |
| chef / cook | aşçı | A person who prepares food |
| pilot | pilot | A person who flies planes |
| retired | emekli | A person who has stopped working due to age |
A / An Kullanımı (Mesleklerde)
Meslek bildiren cümlelerde a veya an kullanmayı unutma:
- Sessiz harfle başlayan mesleklerde → a: a teacher, a doctor, a nurse, a pilot
- Sesli harfle başlayan mesleklerde → an: an engineer, an architect, an artist
⚠️ Dikkat: Türkçe’de “Ben doktorum” derken artikel kullanmayız ama İngilizce’de “I am a doctor” şeklinde a/an koymak zorunludur!
Meslek Sorma Kalıpları
Cevap: I am a/an + meslek adı
Örnek:
— What do you do?
— I am an engineer. I work at a technology company.
👨👩👧👦 Family Members (Aile Üyeleri)
Kendini ve aileni tanıtırken aile üyelerinin İngilizce adlarını bilmen gerekir:
| English | Türkçe | English | Türkçe |
|---|---|---|---|
| mother (mom) | anne | father (dad) | baba |
| sister | kız kardeş | brother | erkek kardeş |
| grandmother (grandma) | büyükanne | grandfather (grandpa) | büyükbaba |
| aunt | hala / teyze | uncle | amca / dayı |
| cousin | kuzen | nephew / niece | yeğen (erkek / kız) |
Aile Tanıtma Kalıpları
I have two brothers and one sister.
My grandfather is 70 years old. He is retired.
My uncle lives in Germany. He is a doctor.
🎒 Talking about Possessions (Sahiplik Bildirme)
Have / Has Kullanımı
| Özne | Olumlu | Olumsuz | Soru |
|---|---|---|---|
| I / You / We / They | have | don’t have | Do … have? |
| He / She / It | has | doesn’t have | Does … have? |
• I have a laptop and two books.
• She has a red bag.
• Do you have a pen? — Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
• Does he have a car? — No, he doesn’t.
Possessive Adjectives (İyelik Sıfatları)
| Subject | Possessive Adj. | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| I | my | This is my book. |
| you | your | Is this your pen? |
| he | his | His father is a pilot. |
| she | her | Her name is Ayşe. |
| it | its | The cat likes its toy. |
| we | our | Our school is big. |
| they | their | Their house is in İstanbul. |
Eşya Sorma Diyaloğu
Emma: No, it isn’t. It’s her bag. (points to Maria)
Ali: Maria, do you have a blue pen in your bag?
Maria: Yes, I do. Here you are!
Ali: Thanks! I don’t have my pencil case today.
✂️ Contracted Forms (Kısaltılmış Biçimler)
Günlük konuşmada ve yazıda kısaltılmış biçimler çok sık kullanılır. Bunları tanımak ve doğru kullanmak önemlidir.
am / is / are Kısaltmaları
| Tam Biçim | Kısaltma | Olumsuz Kısaltma |
|---|---|---|
| I am | I’m | I’m not |
| you are | you’re | you aren’t / you’re not |
| he is / she is / it is | he’s / she’s / it’s | he isn’t / she isn’t / it isn’t |
| we are | we’re | we aren’t / we’re not |
| they are | they’re | they aren’t / they’re not |
have / has Kısaltmaları
| Tam Biçim | Kısaltma | Olumsuz Kısaltma |
|---|---|---|
| I have / you have / we have / they have | I’ve / you’ve / we’ve / they’ve | haven’t |
| he has / she has / it has | he’s / she’s / it’s | hasn’t |
⚠️ Dikkat: “he’s” hem “he is” hem de “he has” anlamına gelebilir! Hangi anlama geldiğini cümlenin devamından anlarsın:
• He‘s a doctor. = He is a doctor.
• He‘s got a car. = He has got a car.
Diğer Yaygın Kısaltmalar
- do not → don’t / does not → doesn’t
- cannot → can’t
- What is → What’s / Where is → Where’s / Who is → Who’s
- Let us → Let’s
📬 Reading & Writing: Postcards and Emails
Yurt dışında yaşarken kartpostal, tebrik kartı veya e-posta yazmak temel iletişim becerilerindendir.
Örnek Kartpostal (Postcard)
Greetings from London! I am studying English here. The city is amazing. I visit museums and parks every weekend. The weather is cold but I love it.
My host family is very kind. They are British. The mother is a teacher and the father is an engineer.
I miss you. Write back soon!
Love,
Mehmet
Örnek E-posta (Email)
Subject: Hello from Turkey!
Hi Emma,
My name is Zeynep. I am 15 years old and I am from İstanbul, Turkey. I am a student at Atatürk High School.
I have one brother and one sister. My brother is 18 and he is a university student. My sister is 10.
I speak Turkish and English. I like reading books and playing basketball. What about you?
Best regards,
Zeynep
Yazım Kalıpları
| Bölüm | Resmi Olmayan (Informal) | Resmi (Formal) |
|---|---|---|
| Açılış | Hi / Hello / Dear + isim | Dear Mr/Mrs + soyadı |
| Kapanış | Love / Best wishes / See you | Best regards / Sincerely |
🔄 Simple Present Tense (Geniş Zaman)
Studying Abroad ünitesinde günlük rutinlerden, alışkanlıklardan ve genel gerçeklerden bahsederken Simple Present Tense kullanılır.
Olumlu Cümle (Affirmative)
| Özne | Fiil | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| I / You / We / They | fiil (yalın hâli) | I speak English. |
| He / She / It | fiil + -s / -es / -ies | She speaks French. |
3. Tekil Şahıs -s/-es/-ies Kuralları
- Genel kural: fiil + s → works, plays, reads
- -s, -sh, -ch, -x, -o ile bitenler: fiil + es → goes, watches, washes
- Sessiz harf + y ile bitenler: y düşer + ies → study → studies, carry → carries
- Sesli harf + y ile bitenler: sadece s → plays, stays
Olumsuz Cümle (Negative)
| Özne | Yapı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| I / You / We / They | do not (don’t) + fiil | I don’t speak Japanese. |
| He / She / It | does not (doesn’t) + fiil | He doesn’t speak Chinese. |
⚠️ Dikkat: Olumsuz cümlede doesn’t kullanıldığında fiil yalın hâlde kalır! YANLIŞ: He doesn’t speaks ❌ DOĞRU: He doesn’t speak ✅
Soru Cümlesi (Interrogative)
| Özne | Yapı | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| I / You / We / They | Do + özne + fiil? | Do you speak English? |
| He / She / It | Does + özne + fiil? | Does she speak French? |
Sık Kullanılan Zaman Zarfları
- always (her zaman) – I always wake up at 7.
- usually (genellikle) – She usually goes to school by bus.
- often (sık sık) – We often study in the library.
- sometimes (bazen) – They sometimes eat out.
- rarely / seldom (nadiren) – He rarely watches TV.
- never (asla) – I never skip breakfast.
- every day / every week (her gün / her hafta)
📍 Asking for and Giving Directions (Yol Sorma ve Tarif Etme)
Yurt dışında yaşarken en çok ihtiyaç duyulan becerilerden biri yol sorma ve tarif etmedir:
Yol Sorma Kalıpları
- Excuse me, where is the library? (Kütüphane nerede?)
- Excuse me, how can I get to the hospital? (Hastaneye nasıl gidebilirim?)
- Is there a bank near here? (Yakınlarda banka var mı?)
- Could you tell me how to get to the station? (İstasyona nasıl gidileceğini söyler misiniz?)
Yol Tarif Etme Kalıpları
| English | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Go straight ahead. | Düz gidin. |
| Turn left / Turn right. | Sola / Sağa dönün. |
| It is on your left / right. | Solunuzda / Sağınızda. |
| It is next to the park. | Parkın yanında. |
| It is across from / opposite the bank. | Bankanın karşısında. |
| It is between the school and the hospital. | Okul ile hastane arasında. |
| It is near here. / It is far from here. | Buraya yakın. / Buradan uzak. |
Örnek Diyalog
Betty: It is near the school. Go straight ahead and turn right at the traffic lights. The library is on your left, next to the post office.
Adrian: Thank you very much!
Betty: You’re welcome!
🗣️ Useful Dialogue Patterns (Yararlı Diyalog Kalıpları)
Selamlama ve Hal Hatır Sorma
| İfade | Eş Anlamlısı | Türkçe |
|---|---|---|
| What’s up? | How are you? / How is it going? | Nasılsın? / Ne var ne yok? |
| Not much. / Nothing special. | I’m fine. / Everything is OK. | Bir şey yok. / İyiyim. |
| Nice to meet you. | Pleased to meet you. / Glad to meet you. | Tanıştığıma memnun oldum. |
Meslek ve Günlük Rutinler Hakkında Konuşma
Karen: My dad is from Greece and my mom is Spanish, so we can speak four languages at home: English, Greek, Spanish and a little Turkish.
Karen: My dad is a retired professor. He doesn’t go to work anymore because he is 65 years old.
Karen: My mom is a chef at an Italian restaurant. She usually works from 10 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Karen: I am a university student. I study medicine. I want to be a doctor.
📌 Sık Yapılan Hatalar
| ❌ Yanlış | ✅ Doğru | Açıklama |
|---|---|---|
| I am doctor. | I am a doctor. | Meslek söylerken a/an şart! |
| She speak English. | She speaks English. | 3. tekil şahısta -s eki eklenir |
| He doesn’t speaks. | He doesn’t speak. | doesn’t varsa fiile -s eklenmez |
| She is from french. | She is from France. | Ülke-milliyet karıştırma + büyük harf |
| He studys hard. | He studies hard. | Sessiz harf + y → ies kuralı |
| I am come from Turkey. | I come from Turkey. / I am from Turkey. | İkisi birden kullanılmaz |
✏️ Practice Questions (Pratik Sorular)
Question 1: Fill in the blanks: “Jessica is from ______ . She speaks ______ .”
Answer: “Jessica is from Spain. She speaks Spanish.” (Ülke adı + milliyet/dil sıfatı eşleşmeli. From’dan sonra ülke, speaks’ten sonra dil gelir.)
Question 2: “My grandpa is 65 years old. He doesn’t go to work because he is a/an ______ .” Boşluğa ne gelir?
Answer: retired (emekli). 65 yaşında ve çalışmıyor = retired. Not: “retired” kelimesinden önce artikel kullanılmaz çünkü sıfat olarak kullanılır.
Question 3: “What’s up?” ifadesinin eş anlamlısı hangisidir?
Answer: “What’s up?” = “How are you?” veya “How is it going?” anlamındadır. Günlük konuşmada samimi bir selamlama şeklidir.
Question 4: “What is your job?” sorusunun eş anlamlısını yazınız.
Answer: “What do you do?” veya “What do you do for a living?” – Her üçü de aynı anlama gelir: mesleğinizi sorar.
Question 5: “Where is the library?” sorusuna uygun bir cevap yazınız.
Answer: Örnek cevap: “Go straight ahead and turn right at the traffic lights. The library is on your left, next to the post office.” (Düz gidin ve trafik ışıklarından sağa dönün. Kütüphane solunuzda, postane yanında.)
📝 Konu Özeti (Topic Summary)
- Countries & Nationalities: Ülke-milliyet-dil eşleştirmesi; -ish, -an, -ese, -ch ekleri
- Introducing Yourself: Name, country, nationality, language, job sorma ve söyleme kalıpları
- Jobs: Temel meslek isimleri ve tanımları; a/an kullanımı zorunlu
- Simple Present Tense: Olumlu (I speak / She speaks), Olumsuz (don’t / doesn’t), Soru (Do / Does)
- 3rd Person -s: -s, -es, -ies kuralları; doesn’t varsa fiile -s eklenmez!
- Directions: Where is…? / How can I get to…? / Go straight, turn left/right
- Family: mother, father, sister, brother, grandmother, grandfather, aunt, uncle, cousin
- Possessions: have/has, possessive adjectives (my, your, his, her, its, our, their)
- Contractions: I’m, you’re, he’s, she’s, don’t, doesn’t; he’s = he is VEYA he has
- Postcards & Emails: Dear + isim, giriş-gövde-kapanış, Love/Best regards
- Greetings: What’s up? = How are you? / Nice to meet you = Pleased to meet you
- Milliyet ve dil isimleri büyük harfle başlar: Turkish, English, French
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