🔄 7. Sınıf İngilizce – Passive Voice (Edilgen Çatı) Konu Anlatımı
Eylemi yapanın değil, eylemin kendisinin öne çıktığı Passive Voice: Present Simple Passive, Past Simple Passive, aktiften pasife dönüştürme kuralları, by + agent ve LGS’ye yönelik tüm detaylar.
📖 Passive Voice Nedir?
İngilizcede cümleler iki çatıda kurulabilir:
- Active Voice (Etken Çatı): Eylemi yapan kişi öndedir → “Ali broke the window.” (Ali camı kırdı.)
- Passive Voice (Edilgen Çatı): Eyleme maruz kalan öndedir → “The window was broken (by Ali).” (Cam kırıldı.)
Türkçedeki “-ılır/-inir/-ılmış/-ılacak” yapısına karşılık gelir:
- This book is read by many people. → Bu kitap birçok kişi tarafından okunur.
- The letter was written by my mother. → Mektup annem tarafından yazıldı.
📝 Ne Zaman Passive Kullanılır?
Passive voice şu durumlarda kullanılır:
| Durum | Örnek |
|---|---|
| Yapan kişi bilinmiyorsa | My car was stolen. (Kim çaldı? Bilinmiyor.) |
| Yapan kişi önemsizse | The road is repaired every year. (Kim tamir eder? Önemsiz.) |
| Eylem yapandan daha önemliyse | The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci. |
| Resmi dil / bilimsel yazılar | The experiment was conducted in 2020. |
🔵 Present Simple Passive
Özne + am/is/are + V3 (+ by …)
Olumlu (+)
| Active (Etken) | Passive (Edilgen) |
|---|---|
| People speak English worldwide. | English is spoken worldwide. |
| They clean the streets every day. | The streets are cleaned every day. |
| She makes this cake. | This cake is made by her. |
Olumsuz (−)
Özne + am not / is not (isn’t) / are not (aren’t) + V3
- This book isn’t sold in Turkey. → Bu kitap Türkiye’de satılmaz.
- These rooms aren’t used anymore. → Bu odalar artık kullanılmaz.
Soru (?)
Am/Is/Are + özne + V3 + …?
- Is English spoken here? → Burada İngilizce konuşulur mu?
- Are these products made in Turkey? → Bu ürünler Türkiye’de üretilir mi?
🟠 Past Simple Passive
Özne + was/were + V3 (+ by …)
Olumlu (+)
| Active (Etken) | Passive (Edilgen) |
|---|---|
| Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. | Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. |
| They built this bridge in 1950. | This bridge was built in 1950. |
| Someone stole my phone. | My phone was stolen. |
| The police caught the thief. | The thief was caught by the police. |
was vs were
| Özne | was / were | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| I / He / She / It (tekil) | was | The car was repaired. |
| You / We / They (çoğul) | were | The books were sold. |
Olumsuz (−) ve Soru (?)
- Olumsuz: The window wasn’t broken by the children. → Cam çocuklar tarafından kırılmadı.
- Soru: Was this painting painted by Picasso? → Bu tablo Picasso tarafından mı yapıldı?
- Were the letters sent yesterday? → Mektuplar dün gönderildi mi?
🔧 Aktiften Pasife Dönüştürme Adımları
4 adımda aktif cümleyi pasif cümleye çevir:
Aktif: My mother cleans the house every day.
Adımlar:
- Nesneyi (the house) cümlenin başına al → “The house…”
- Zamana uygun be fiilini ekle (Present Simple + tekil → is) → “The house is…”
- Fiilin V3 halini yaz (clean → cleaned) → “The house is cleaned…”
- İstersen by + yapan kişi ekle → “The house is cleaned by my mother every day.”
Bir örnek daha (Past Simple):
Aktif: Edison invented the light bulb.
- Nesne başa → “The light bulb…”
- Be fiili (Past Simple + tekil → was) → “The light bulb was…”
- V3 → “The light bulb was invented…”
- By + yapan → “The light bulb was invented by Edison.”
Zamir Dönüşümleri (by ile kullanıldığında)
| Aktif (Özne) | Pasif (by + nesne zamiri) |
|---|---|
| I | by me |
| you | by you |
| he | by him |
| she | by her |
| it | by it |
| we | by us |
| they | by them |
🔄 Active vs Passive Karşılaştırması
| ACTIVE (Etken) | PASSIVE (Edilgen) |
|---|---|
| Yapan kişi öndedir | Eylem / nesne öndedir |
| Özne + fiil + nesne | Nesne + be + V3 (+ by özne) |
| Tom writes letters. | Letters are written by Tom. |
| She cooked dinner. | Dinner was cooked by her. |
| They built this school in 2000. | This school was built in 2000. |
🔑 LGS İpucu – “by” her zaman gerekli mi?
- Yapan kişi önemliyse → by kullan: “Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.”
- Yapan kişi bilinmiyorsa veya önemsizse → by kullanma: “My car was stolen.” (Kim çaldı? Bilinmiyor.)
- Yapan kişi someone, people, they gibi belirsizse → genellikle by kullanılmaz.
⚠️ Sık Yapılan Hatalar
| Yanlış ❌ | Doğru ✅ |
|---|---|
| The cake baked by my mother. | The cake was baked by my mother. (be fiili unutulmuş!) |
| The window was broke yesterday. | The window was broken yesterday. (V2 değil, V3 kullanılmalı!) |
| The books was sold quickly. | The books were sold quickly. (books → çoğul → were) |
| This letter was written from her. | This letter was written by her. (from değil, by!) |
| English is spoke worldwide. | English is spoken worldwide. (spoke = V2, spoken = V3!) |
| The car was repair by he. | The car was repaired by him. (by’dan sonra nesne zamiri!) |
📚 LGS’de En Çok Çıkan Passive Fiiller
| V1 | V3 | Passive Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| make | made | This product is made in Turkey. |
| build | built | The bridge was built in 1990. |
| write | written | The book was written by Orhan Pamuk. |
| discover | discovered | America was discovered in 1492. |
| invent | invented | The telephone was invented by Bell. |
| speak | spoken | Turkish is spoken in Turkey. |
| sell | sold | Millions of copies are sold every year. |
| paint | painted | The Mona Lisa was painted by da Vinci. |
| steal | stolen | My wallet was stolen yesterday. |
| break | broken | The window was broken by the ball. |
✍️ Kendini Test Et
Soru 1: “Many people speak Turkish in Germany.” → Pasif yapın.
Cevap: Turkish is spoken in Germany (by many people). Present Simple → is/are + V3. Turkish tekil → “is”. speak → spoken (V3).
Soru 2: “The Eiffel Tower _____ (build) in 1889.” Boşluğu doldurun.
Cevap: The Eiffel Tower was built in 1889. “1889” geçmiş zaman → Past Simple Passive. Eiffel Tower tekil → was. build → built (V3).
Soru 3: “Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.” → Pasif yapın.
Cevap: The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. Nesne (the telephone) başa gelir. Past Simple → was + V3 (invented). Yapan kişi önemli → by kullanılır.
Soru 4: “These letters _____ (write) by the students yesterday.” Boşluğu doldurun.
Cevap: These letters were written by the students yesterday. “letters” çoğul → were. “yesterday” → Past Simple. write → written (V3). wrote = V2, written = V3 (karıştırma!).
Soru 5: Bu cümle doğru mu? “The cake baked by my grandmother.” Açıklayın.
Cevap: Yanlış! “be” fiili eksik. Doğrusu: “The cake was baked by my grandmother.” Passive’de mutlaka be (am/is/are/was/were) + V3 yapısı gerekir. Be fiili olmadan passive olmaz!
Soru 6: “She cleans her room every day.” → Pasif yapın.
Cevap: Her room is cleaned (by her) every day. Present Simple → is/are + V3. “Her room” tekil → is. clean → cleaned. “by her” opsiyonel (önemsizse yazılmaz).
Soru 7: “by” yerine “from” kullanan cümle neden yanlıştır?
Cevap: Passive voice’da eylemi yapanı belirtmek için “by” kullanılır. “from” yer/kaynak belirtir, yapanı değil. “This book was written from Orhan Pamuk.” ❌ → “This book was written by Orhan Pamuk.” ✅
Soru 8: “Someone stole my bag.” → Pasife çevirin. “by” gerekli mi?
Cevap: My bag was stolen. “by someone” yazılmaz çünkü “someone” belirsiz bir kişidir ve bilgi vermez. Yapan kişi belirsiz/bilinmiyorsa “by” eklenmez.
📌 Konu Özeti
- Passive Voice: Nesne + be + V3 (+ by yapan kişi)
- Present Simple Passive: am/is/are + V3 → “English is spoken worldwide.”
- Past Simple Passive: was/were + V3 → “The bridge was built in 1950.”
- Dönüştürme: Nesneyi başa al → be fiilini ekle → V3 yaz → by + yapan (opsiyonel)
- by: Yapan kişi önemliyse kullanılır, bilinmiyorsa/önemsizse kullanılmaz
- Zamir dönüşümü: I → by me, he → by him, she → by her, they → by them
- Dikkat: V2 değil V3 kullanılır! (broke ❌ → broken ✅, spoke ❌ → spoken ✅)
- be fiili unutulmamalı! “The cake baked” ❌ → “The cake was baked” ✅
📝 Konuyu öğrendin mi? Şimdi kendini test et!
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